~ Understanding Sexual Orientation ~
By John R. Ballew, M.S.
Copyright 2005 all rights reserved
|
Sexual orientation refers to the emotional, romantic, sexual and affectional attraction of an individual
to a particular gender. The term orientation is generally used by professionals and researchers in
human sexuality, as opposed to earlier formulations such as “sexual preference.” In general, human
beings have one of three sexual orientations: attraction to individuals of the other gender is
described as heterosexual; attraction to individuals of one’s own gender is described as
homosexual; attraction to either gender is described as bisexual.
Along with biological sex (gender), gender identity (the psychological sense of being female or male)
and social sex roles (cultural norms for masculine or feminine behavior), sexual orientation is one of
the primary and enduring components of sexual identity. It should be noted that transgenderism--the
sense that one’s biological sex and gender identity are not congruent--is a separate matter from
sexual orientation. It should be further noted that research in recent years has revealed sexuality as
much more complex than most laypersons imagine. Even biological sex is not a simple, either-or,
male-or-female phenomenon, but exists along a continuum.
Sexual behavior is not always congruent with sexual orientation. That is, persons who are primarily
heterosexual may engage in sexual experimentation with someone of the same gender (for example,
during adolescence), or may engage in repeated activity when no other outlet is available (e.g., in
prison). Similarly, homosexually oriented persons may engage in heterosexual acts, marry, become
parents. In neither case does the behavior define the person’s enduring emotional, affectional and
sexual attraction.
Sexual orientation is a modern concept. The term “homosexual,” for instance, was unknown in
ancient times, and was first used in private correspondence in 1868 by Karoly Kertbeny. It first
appeared publicly in two anonymous German pamphlets published in 1869 that opposed extending a
Prussian anti-sodomy law to all of the German Confederation. The term “heterosexual” is of even
more recent origin.
The American Psychiatric Association [[1]] has, since 1973, regarded sexual orientation as a matter of
human variation, not mental illness. The American Psychological Association [2] adopted a similar
position in 1975. In both instances, the decisions to declassify homosexuality were based upon
research that indicated no differences between heterosexuals and homosexuals in social or emotional
problems or in level of functioning. The following is taken from the American Psychological
Association statement on homosexuality that was released in July 1994:
social prejudice garbed in psychological accouterments.
Some conservative religious groups and some psychoanalysts have continued to attempt to modify or
change individual’s sexual orientation. Some homosexually-oriented persons have essentially
renounced all sexual behavior as a result of such efforts; some are able to function sexually with
someone of the other gender. In no case has research proven that these interventions have
reoriented someone’s sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual.[3]
In the last quarter of the 20th century, religious and social conservatives have often voiced concern
that lesbian and gay persons are more likely to sexually abuse children. A study published by the
American Academy of Pediatrics[4] in July, 1994, researched 249 cases of child sexual abuse and
found only 2 instances where the perpetrator was identified as gay or lesbian. In that sample, the
child’s risk of being molested by the heterosexual partner of a relative was more than 100 times as
great. This is consistent with statistical reports that more than 98% of sexual abuse in childhood is
perpetrated by male adults upon female children.
The origins of human sexual orientation remain incompletely understood. If there is a consensus
among researchers at present, it is that sexual orientation has it’s origins in genetics and inborn
hormonal conditions, and possibly life experiences of early childhood. Sexual orientation is not a
choice in the way that the term is customarily used. One does not choose to be heterosexual,
bisexual or gay or lesbian. While sexual orientation often emerges during adolescence, along with the
first sexual feelings, many individuals are aware of their sexual orientation long before their first sexual
experiences--often as early as 3-5 years of age.
Research by Simon LeVay and others have indicated neurochemical and neurophysiological
differences between individuals of different sexual orientations. (It should be noted that most
research has been limited to male subjects.) LeVay, a neuroanatomist at the Salk Institute examined
the hypothalamus of deceased men and found a difference in size between heterosexuals and
homosexuals, suggesting a biological mechanism involved in sexual orientation[5]. Studies conducted
at Northwestern University and Boston University found that if one sibling is homosexual, the chance
of another sibling being homosexual is as follows:
52% for an identical twin
22% for a fraternal (non-identical) twin
10% for adopted or non-twin genetic siblings.
The results suggest a strong genetic component for sexual orientation[6]
Statistics regarding the numerical distribution of sexual orientations within the population are
somewhat inconsistent due to the inherent difficulty in asking individuals to identify information which
could subject them to homophobia and prejudice. Various studies have estimated that 3-10% or more
of the population in the United States is homosexually-oriented. A common estimate is that 6% of
adult males are exclusively homosexually-oriented. Somewhat fewer women than men share a same-
gender sexual orientation; estimates are often 3-5% of the female population.[7] Less research and
information is available about bisexuality.
What then, finally, can be said about sexual orientation? As research into human sexuality increases
our base of knowledge, patterns are emerging:
* Bisexual, homosexual and heterosexual orientations have been found throughout human history
and human cultures
* Sexual orientation appears primarily biogenetic in origin and is discovered rather than chosen;
* Sexual orientation is not a predictor of social or emotional functioning--it is not a mental illness;
* Efforts to alter sexual orientation through behavior therapy, psychoactive drugs, prayer, etc., have
not affected primary sexual orientation.
[1] American Psychiatric Association, 1400 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.
[2] American Psychological Association, Office of Public Affairs, 750 First St., NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242.
[3] Stein, T.S., Cohen, C.J., eds. Contemporary perspectives on psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men. New York: Plenum
Medical Book Co., 1986.
[4] Pediatrics, The American Academy of Pediatrics, 1994 July 96:7.
[5] LeVay, S. The Sexual Brain. New York: Bradford Books, 1994.
[6] Bailey, J.M., Pillard, R.C., Archives of General Psychiatry, 1991 48:1089-1096.
[7] Stein, T.S., Cohen, C.J., eds. Contemporary perspectives on psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men. New York: Plenum
Medical Book Co., 1986: 132, 99.
John R. Ballew, M.S., is a licensed professional counselor in private practice in Atlanta. He specializes in issues related to coming out,
sexuality and relationships, spirituality and career. He can be reached via the web at www.bodymindsoul.org or at (404) 874-8536.
© Copyright 2005 John R. Ballew, M.S. All rights reserved.
The BRC extends thanks to John R. Ballew for his gracious consent to display and archive his contributions on this site. Any duplication
in any form is prohibited without express written permission of the author and is a copyright violation.
The research on homosexuality is very clear. Homosexuality is neither mental illness nor moral
depravity. It is simply the way a minority of our population expresses human love and sexuality.
Study after study documents the mental health of gay men and lesbians. Studies of judgment,
stability, reliability, and social and vocational adaptiveness all show that gay men and lesbians
function every bit as well as heterosexuals. Nor is homosexuality a matter of individual choice.
Research suggests that the homosexual orientation is in place very early in the life cycle, possibly
even before birth. It is found in about ten percent of the population, a figure which is surprisingly
constant across cultures, irrespective of the different moral values and standards of a particular
culture. Contrary to what some imply, the incidence of homosexuality in a population does not appear
to change with new moral codes or social mores. Research findings suggest that efforts to repair
homosexuals are nothing more than social prejudice garbed in psychological accouterments.